Boreskov Institute of Catalysis of SB RAS

Directions of Research:

• Fundamentals of Homogeneous, Heterogeneous Catalysis and Catalysis with Enzymes.
• Fundamentals of Catalysts Preparation.
• Development of New and Improvement of Existing Catalysts and Catalytic Processes.
• Mathematical Modelling and Chemical Engineering of Catalytic Processes.
• Automation of Catalytic Research.

Catalysis is a backbone of the technical progress in chemistry, oil refinery and oil chemistry. About 90% of modern chemical technologies appear to be based on catalytic processes. Current commercial production of sulfuric and nitric acids, fertilizers, motor fuels, monomeric and polymeric materials can not exist without catalysts. Catalytic methods are rapidly penetrating into the fond industry, energetics, metallurgy and transportation. Currently, catalysts are used more frequently to solve important environmental problems.

At the same time catalysis itself is a complex and multiform phenomenon. Among the problems of paramount importance is the prediction of catalytic action. To solve this problem it is necessary to know the nature of interaction between reactants and catalysts, the composition and structure of intermediates, the combination of consecutive steps of processes and the main properties of substances that determine the catalytic activity. The other promblems of primary concern are: development of methods for catalyst preparation and investigation of their structure and also elaboration of procedures for commercial process performance, optimization and simulation of catalytic reactors and reactions on the basis of detailed analysis of catalytic reaction kinetics.

At present, the study of the nature of catalytic action and catalyst structure, development of both fundamental and practical approaches to catalyst preparation and performance are, in effect, not possible without various chemical, physical and combined methods.

The quantum-chemical research is mainly directed torwards calculatioon of electronic structures of the models of activated complexes, intermediates and catalysts.

Methods for determining the chemical and phase composition of catalysts and those of catalytic reaction products are in progress now for all the elements of Periodic System and for their various combinations and ratios. Atomic absorption spectroscopy, various analylical physico-chemical and chemical methods serve for catalyst analysis. Chromatography is employed mainly to examine the composition of catalyst reaction products.

Adsorption methods, porosimetry, calorimetry are extensively used to study geometry and chemistry of catalyst surface, specific area, pore structure, adsorption heats, etc.

Design of industrial catalytic processes is based on the detailed study of reaction kinetics.

The Institute possesses various highly potential and precise physical research methods. The structure and properties of catalysts and reaction products are studied by means of X-ray electron diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, vibrational and UV-VIS spectroscopies. IR spectra can be registered within the range of 10-1500 cm -1 at the temperatures ranging from 196 to 700 0C, UV and VIS spectra - within 200-2500 nm, diffuse scattering spectra - 220-1000 nm. Laser Raman spectra are recorded upon excitation at wavelengths within 440-630 nm, the exciting radiation being tuned continuously. For fast processes pulse radiolysis and pulse photolysis as well as ion cyclotron resonance are employed.

Electron spin resonance (ESR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are the powerful tools for investigating the phase composition, electronic structure of catalysts and processes, proceeding between reaction components and active sites of catalysts. Radioisotopes and ionizing radiation are used to study kinetics and mechanisms of heterogeneous reactions.

Photoelectron and Auger spectroscopy provides information about the surface chemical composition of heterogeneous catalysts and electronic structure of adsorbed atoms and molecules. Usually these methods are complemented with thermodesorption and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) technique.

Synchrotron radiation opens new possibilities to study catalytic properties (charge of active component, radii of coordination spheres, coordination numbers of atoms, surface composition) . The complementary methods of small angular scattering (evaluation of size and size distributions of microparticles and micropores with computer data processing), X-ray, photoelectron spectroscopies and EXAFS (extended X-ray analysis of structure) are commonly used. Various modifications of EXAFS method are in progress: fluorescence EXAFS for studying the bulk and supported catalysts containing small concentrations of active component and Auger-EXAFS for determining the composition and structure of catalyst surface and adsorption events.

A fruitful combination of fundamental and applied research is a basis principle of the Institute activity. All applied investigations use novel results of fundamental science, bring them into practice promoting and enriching the academic science with practical knowledge and experience. The Institute is a leader of R&D company named MNTK "KATALIZATOR" arranged to solve key problems in design and implementation of new generations of highly efficient catalysts and catalytic processes. MNTK "Katalizator" was founded in 1985 due to the vital necessity to concentrate scientific forces and means in industrial catalysis providing 10-15% of the overall national produce.

The International Center for Catalysts Characterization and Testing was established in 1991 on the basis of Boreskov Institute of Catalysis and MNTK "KATALIZATOR". The center performs complex research in fundamental and applied catalysis. Highly educated specialists trained in various trends of science contribute to the Center activities. Within a short time it is possible to obtain a unique combination of data on the structure of active sites, detailed reaction kinetics and mechanisms and to apply these data for design of new catalysts and processes desired. The Center arranges and brings to practice projects required by various organizations from Russia and foreign countries, as well as bilateral and multilateral projects.

Institute of Catalysis Deals with the Catalytic Processes:

• Chemistry and processing of gas and oil: catalytic conversion of various hydrocarbons including methane, hydropurification and hydrodemetallation. Synthesis of organic and inorganic chemicals: oxidation of SO2 to SO3; synthesis of methanol, partial oxidation of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aromatics; polymerization of olefins; synthesis of organic sulfides and amines; etc.
• Fine organic synthesis: synthesis of biologically active substances, vitamins, herbicides, aminoacids, etc.
• Synthesis of new materials: carbon-carbon, carbon-mineral and mineral-mineral composites.
• Processes of energy conversion: catalytic combustion and heat generation systems, solar energy conversion, high temperature fuel cells, etc.
• Processes for environmental protection: catalytic detoxication of industrial wastes including those containing organics, carbon monooxide, compounds of sulfur and nitrogen, purification of automotive exhaust gases and wastes from thermal power plants.

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